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We are a fully-fledged public relations company that offers support in public affairs, communications, sustainability and brand PR with an extension of expert practice in Digital PR PR 2. Store managers were interviewed and employees were surveyed about their observations and preferences. For the final analysis, the amount of daylight in each store was described as the number of hours per year that daylight illumination levels exceeded the design electric illumination level.
Statistical regression models of average sales for the stores, using up to 50 explanatory variables, and both linear and natural log descriptions of the variables, found that increased hours of daylight per store were strongly associated with increased sales, but at a much smaller magnitude than the previous study.
In addition, for this chain, the daylight effect on sales was found to be constrained by the amount of parking available at the store site. Sites with parking lots smaller than the norm experienced decreased sales associated with daylight, while stores with average and ample parking experienced increased sales as both the amount of daylight and parking increased.
This report is a follow-on study to the Daylighting in Schools study [5] that was completed in , which found a compelling statistical correlation between the amount of daylighting in elementary school classrooms and the performance of students on standardized math and reading tests. This re-analysis of the original study data was intended to answer key questions raised by the peer review of the earlier study, and expand our understanding of methodological choices for further work.
The original findings potentially have very important implications for the design of schools and other buildings where people live, work and play. Daylight used to be common, and even required in schools, homes and offices, but fully daylit buildings became increasingly rare as electric lighting became more the norm. This re-analysis study helps to provide greater certainty for the original findings. For this re-analysis study HMG conducted four tasks:. None of the individual teacher characteristics we identified were significant in explaining assignment to a daylit classroom in the Capistrano District.
When we added the teacher characteristics to the original student performance models, the daylight variables were not reduced in significance. Further analysis of other sub-populations repeated these findings. In the Grade Level Analysis, we re-analyzed the original student test score data for both Capistrano and Seattle by separate grade level, instead of aggregating the data across the four grade levels Our goal was to determine if this method would more accurately explain the relationship of student performance to daylighting.
We tested for statistical significance and correlation, and we looked at any patterns discovered in the analysis. The data did not show any significant patterns between a daylight effect and the separate grade levels, neither an increase or decrease in daylight effects by grade level.
Thus, we conclude that there do not seem to be progressive effects as children get older, nor do younger children seem to be more sensitive to daylight than older children. Allowing the results to vary by grade did not noticeably improve the accuracy of the models. Therefore, we conclude that looking at data across grade levels is a sufficiently accurate methodology. In the Absenteeism Analysis, we used absenteeism and tardiness data in the original Capistrano data set as dependent variables and evaluated them against the full set of explanatory variables from the original study, plus the new information on teacher characteristics.
These models would allow us to assess whether daylighting or other classroom physical attributes potentially impacted student health, as measured by changes in student attendance.
Student attendance data is certainly not the best indicator of student health. Yet to the extent that attendance data does reflect student health, our findings do not suggest an obvious connection between physical classroom characteristics and student health. Notably, daylighting conditions, operable windows, air conditioning and portable classrooms were not found to be significant in predicting student absences.
Overall, the strength of the daylight variable in predicting student performance stands out sharply across all of these re-analysis efforts. This analysis also demonstrated that the findings of these models are more strongly dependent upon the sample population then the subtleties of the explanatory variables.
Thus, we believe that it will be more informative to replicate this study with a different population, to continue to try to refine the models with further detail in the explanatory variables.
This study looks at the effect of daylighting on human performance. It includes a focus on skylighting as a way to isolate daylight as an illumination source, and separate illumination effects from other qualities associated with daylighting from windows. In this project, we established a statistically compelling connection between daylighting and student performance, and between skylighting and retail sales.
This report focuses on the school analysis. We used data from second through fifth grade students in elementary schools because there is extensive data available from highly standardized tests administered to these students, and because elementary school students are generally assigned to one teacher in one classroom for the school year.
Thus, we reasoned that if the physical environment does indeed have an effect on student performance, we would be mostly likely to be able to establish such a correlation by looking at the performance of elementary school students. We analyzed test score results for over 21, student records from the three districts, located in Orange Country, California, Seattle , Washington, and Fort Collins, Colorado. The data sets included information about student demographic characteristics and participation in special school programs.
We reviewed architectural plans, aerial photographs and maintenance records and visited a sample of the schools in each district to classify the daylighting conditions in over classrooms. Each classroom was assigned a series of codes on a simple scale indicating the size and tint of its windows, the presence and type of any skylighting, and the overall amount of daylight expected.
The study used multivariate linear regression analysis to control for other influences on student performance. Regressions were compared using data from two separate tests, math and reading, for each district. Each math and reading model was also run separately using first the window and skylight codes, and then the overall daylight code.
We reasoned that if daylight effects were truly robust the variables should perform similarly in all models. Thus, we created a total of twelve models for comparison, consisting of four models for each of three districts. The daylighting conditions at the Capistrano school district were the most diverse, and the data from that district were also the most detailed.
Thus Capistrano became our most precise model. In this district, we were able to study the change in student test scores over a school year. The studies in Seattle and Fort Collins used the final scores on math and reading tests at the end of the school year, rather than the amount of change from the beginning of the year.
In both of these districts we also found positive, and highly significant, effects for daylighting. The three districts have different curriculum and teaching styles, different school building designs and very different climates.
And yet the results of studies show consistently positive and highly significant effects. This consistency persuasively argues that there is a valid and predictable effect of daylighting on student performance. The results of this study of student performance, when combined with the companion study showing the positive effect of skylighting on retail sales, also strongly support the thesis that these performance benefits from daylighting can be translated to other building types and human activities.
It specifically focuses on skylighting as a way to isolate daylight as an illumination source, and avoid all of the other qualities associated with daylighting from windows. In this project, we established a statistically compelling connection between skylighting and retail sales, and between daylighting and student performance. This report focuses on the retail analysis. We analyzed data on the sales performance of a chain retailer who operates a set of nearly identical stores.
The analysis included stores, where two thirds of the stores have skylighting and one third do not. The design and operation of all the store sites is remarkably uniform, with the exception of the presence of skylights in some. The electric lighting was primarily fluorescent. The skylights often provided far more illumination, often two to three times the target illumination levels. Photo-sensor controls turned off some of the fluorescent lights when daylight levels exceeded target illumination.
The monthly gross sales per store were averaged over an month period that went from February 1 of one year to August 31 of the following year. This average sales figure was transformed into a "sales index" that we could manipulate statistically, but that did not reveal actual dollar performance.
Stores in the sample were selected to operate within a limited geographic region that had similar climatic conditions, and to have a constrained range of size and age. The geographic region has a relatively sunny climate. All of the stores in the data set are one story. The multivariate regression analysis allowed us to control for the influence of other variables, which might influence sales.
Other variables considered included the size and age of the store, hours of operation, and economic characteristics associated with the zip code location.
The following figure shows control scheme types. Daylighting can be a viable, energy-efficient strategy in almost any climate, including traditionally overcast climates such as those found in parts of the Pacific Northwest. The technology can work in all building types as well, including commercial office buildings, most spaces within a school i.
A viable option for most building types and locations, it is important to consider that the architectural response to daylighting differs by building type, climate, and glare tolerability. Daylighting has the potential to provide significant cost savings. By generating waste heat, lighting also adds to the loads imposed on a building's mechanical cooling equipment. Consequently, for many institutional and commercial buildings, total energy costs can be reduced by as much as one-third through the optimal integration of daylighting strategies.
In addition, the benefits of a daylit building extend beyond simple energy savings. For example, by reducing the need for electric consumption for lighting and cooling, the use of daylight reduces greenhouse gases and slows fossil fuel depletion.
Numerous studies also indicate that daylighting can help increase worker productivity and decrease absenteeism in daylit commercial office buildings, boost test scores in daylit classrooms, and accelerate recovery and shorten stays in daylit hospital patient rooms. As with all energy-efficient design strategies, there are some costs associated with the use of daylighting.
Designers must be sure to avoid glare and overheating when placing windows. More windows do not automatically result in more daylighting. That is, natural light has to be controlled and distributed properly throughout the workspace.
Also, for cost savings to be realized, controls have to be in proper functioning order. The efficacy of daylighting in terms of saving energy or money is measured not only with economic or photometric methods, but also by psychological and aesthetic benefits that translate into financial benefits.
For more information, see the Additional Resources section. Architectural daylighting is not solely dependent on sunlight quantity or on the number of sunny days per year; it can also take advantage of diffuse skylight predominantly found in overcast climates.
As such, direct solar resource is not the sole determinant for daylighting feasibility. Since the efficacy of a daylighting design is tightly tied to the building design, the best way to assess a daylighting project is to perform a daylighting analysis through simulation.
Lighting simulation software is available and can be used to simulate the performance of a building in a given climate and to predict illuminance levels from daylight, determine dimming and switching response from available daylight, estimate the annual energy savings from daylighting functionality, and even predict the glare probability for a given design.
The components of a daylighting system are designed to bring natural light into a building in such a way that electric lights can be dimmed or turned off for a portion of the day, while preventing occupant discomfort or other building loads from increasing.
For example, direct sun in the eye of a building occupant can cause disability glare, which interferes with the occupant's ability to see and perform work and should be avoided. Depending on the building construction and prevailing climate, excessive window area could also increase the cooling load in summer or accelerate heat loss in winter. An optimized building footprint is a foundational element of a daylit building design.
Maximizing the amount of south- and north-facing facade area and minimizing east and especially west exposure allows for the easiest controllable daylight fenestration. Restricting the floor plate depth north-to-south also helps to daylight as much floor area as possible, as there are practical limitations to how far one can transmit daylight in sidelighting applications.
As daylight penetration is limited by the siting and facade design, the circuiting of the electric light fixtures is critical in gauging success of a daylighting strategy. Ideally, the light fixtures should be circuited in groups, or zones, that relate to the predominant daylight distribution in the space. In general, the first 10 to 15 feet from the building perimeter receives adequate daylight illumination to allow for light dimming or switching.
By zoning the lighting accordingly, there's a greater chance of ensuring maximum dimming of the lights. Additionally, it is important for the daylighting design process to involve the integration of many disciplines including mechanical, electrical, and lighting.
Design team members need to be brought into the process early to ensure that daylighting concepts and ideas are carried throughout the project. Awareness of basic visual acuity and performance issues is essential to an effective daylighting design, including:. Veiling reflections. Veiling reflections of high brightness light sources off specular, or shiny, surfaces obscure details by reducing contrast.
They should be avoided, particularly where critical visual tasks occur. Introduce as much controlled daylight as deep as possible into a building interior. The human eye can adjust to high levels of luminance as long as it is evenly distributed. In general, light which reaches a task indirectly such as having bounced from a white wall will provide better lighting quality than light which arrives directly from a natural or artificial source.
The aim of an efficient daylighting design is not only to provide illuminance levels that are sufficient for good performance, but also to maintain a comfortable and pleasing atmosphere. Glare, or excessive brightness contrast within the field of view, is an aspect of lighting that can cause discomfort to occupants.
The human eye can function quite well if extreme levels of brightness are present in the same field of view. Some contrast in brightness levels may be desirable in a space for visual effectiveness. Dull uniformity in lighting can lead to tiredness and lack of attention-neither of which is compatible with a productive environment. Often, a good daylighting solution will integrate a "blast" of beam daylight in a circulation area for visual interest and to help lead occupants through a building.
The human eye is naturally attracted to this bright area and can be useful in guiding people down an otherwise dull corridor. Good daylighting requires attention to both qualitative and quantitative aspects of design.
Make sure the combination of natural and artificial sources provides adequate light levels for the required task. The Illuminating Engineering Society IES publishes an industry standard method for determining recommended illuminance levels expressed in units of footcandles for various tasks.
For office spaces, the U. General Services Administration has interpreted the IES method to recommend a minimum of 50 footcandles on an imaginary desk-height horizontal "work surface. To be effective, daylighting must be integrated with electric lighting design. In particular, daylighting must be coupled with efficient electric lighting controls if net energy savings are to be realized.
As part of a daylighting design, consider the use of continuously dimming fixtures controlled by luminous sensors. Increase perimeter daylight zones-extend the perimeter footprint to maximize the usable daylighting area. Allow daylight penetration high in a space.
Windows located high in a wall or in roof monitors and clerestories will result in deeper light penetration and reduce the likelihood of excessive brightness. Reflect daylight within a space to increase room brightness. A light shelf, if properly designed, has the potential to increase room brightness and decrease window brightness.
Slope ceilings to direct more light into a space.
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